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⬤课程目录⬤
第1章 语言学导论
1.1 复习笔记
1.2 考研真题与典型题详解
第2章 语 音
2.1 复习笔记
2.2 考研真题与典型题详解
第3章 词和形态学
3.1 复习笔记
3.2 考研真题与典型题详解
第4章句法：从语词到篇章
4.1 复习笔记
4.2 考研真题与典型题详解
第5章 意 义
5.1 复习笔记
5.2 考研真题与典型题详解
第6章 语言与认知
6.1 复习笔记
6.2 考研真题与典型题详解
第7章 语言 文化 社会
7.1 复习笔记
7.2 考研真题与典型题详解
第8章 语言的使用
8.1 复习笔记
8.2 考研真题与典型题详解
第9章 语言与文学
9.1 复习笔记
9.2 考研真题与典型题详解
第10章 语言和计算机
10.1 复习笔记
10.2 考研真题与典型题详解
第11章 第二语言和外语教学
11.1 复习笔记
11.2 考研真题与典型题详解
第12章 现代语言学理论与流派
12.1 复习笔记
12.2 考研真题与典型题详解
⬤内容简介⬤
《语言学教程》（第5版）（胡壮麟主编）一直被用作高等院校英语专业语言学教材，被绝大多数院校指定为英语专业考研必读书和学术研究参考书。为了帮助读者更好地学习这套教材，我们精心编著了它的配套辅导用书。
作为该教材的学习辅导书，全书遵循该教材的章目编排，共分12章，每章由两部分组成：第一部分为复习笔记（中英文对照），总结本章的重点难点；第二部分是考研真题与典型题详解，精选名校经典考研真题及相关习题，并提供了详细的参考答案。本书具有以下几个方面的特点：
1．梳理章节脉络，浓缩内容精华。每章的复习笔记以该教材为主并结合其他教材对本章的重难点知识进行了整理，并参考了国内名校名师讲授该教材的课堂笔记，因此，本书的内容几乎浓缩了经典教材的知识精华。
2．中英双语对照，凸显难点要点。本书章节笔记采用了中英文对照的形式，强化对重要难点知识的理解和运用。
3．精选考研真题，补充难点习题。本书精选名校考研真题及相关习题，并提供答案和详解。所选真题和习题基本体现了各个章节的考点和难点，但又不完全局限于教材内容，是对教材内容极好的补充。
另外，在笔记部分，对于在《语言学教程》第三版或第四版提到而第五版删减的知识点我们也予以保留，并用“＊”标明，部分院校考研真题依旧会涉及这些知识点的考查。相对于第三版或第四版，对于在第五版新增加的知识点用“▼”标明，以便于使用不同版本教材的读者使用。
本书提供电子书及纸质书，方便对照复习。
⬤内容试看⬤
第7章 语言 文化 社会
7.1 复习笔记
本章要点：
1 Language and culture
语言与文化
2 Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
萨丕尔—沃尔夫假说
3 Language varieties
语言变体
4 Cross-culture communication
跨文化交流
常考考点：
语言与文化的定义及关系；社会语言学的定义；萨丕尔-沃夫假说；语言变体；分析跨文化交际中出现障碍的原因；中西文化的异同。
本章内容索引：
Ⅰ. Language and Culture
1 Interrelations between language and culture
2 Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
3 Culture in Language Teaching Classroom
Ⅱ. Language and Society
1 Sociolinguistics
2 Language varieties
(1)Standard Language
(2)Dialects
(3)Registers
(4)Pidgins and Creoles
3 Choosing a Code
(1)Diglossia
(2)Bilingualism and multilingualism
(3)Code-switching
4 Linguistic Taboos and Euphemisms
Ⅲ. Cross-cultural Communication
1 When in Rome do as the Romans do.
2 Put yourself in other’s shoes.
3 One culture’s meat is another culture’s poison.
4 Honesty and sincerity are key points to mutual understanding.
Ⅰ. Language and Culture (语言与文化)
1 Interrelations between language and culture (语言与文化的相互关系)
Language is an irreplaceable carrier of culture. Culture is better interpreted through language.
语言是文化不可替代的载体。文化通过语言的使用得到更好的诠释。
2 Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis (萨丕尔—沃尔夫假说)
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis suggests that our language shapes our thinking patterns and consequently, different languages may lead to our unique ways of understanding the world. There could be two points implied in this theory. On the one hand, language may determine our way of thinking；on the other hand, similarities between languages are relative and the greater the structural differentiations, the more diverse our understanding of the world. Therefore, this hypothesis has also been referred to as linguistic determinism or linguistic relativity.
【考点：名词解释；指出该假说的两种版本】
萨丕尔假说认为，语言塑造了我们的思维模式，相应地，不同的语言表达决定了人们认识世界方式的不同。从这个观点出发，可以得到两点知识：一方面，语言可以决定我们的思维方式；另一方面，语言之间的相似性是相对的，结构性差异越大，反映出对于世界认识的越不同。因此，这个假说也被称作“语言决定论”和“语言相对主义”。
3 Culture in Language Teaching Classroom (语言教学中的文化)
There are at least three objectives for us to teach culture in language class：
① Encouraging learners to get familiar with cultural differences；
② Helping learners go beyond their own culture and see things from the perspective of the target culture；
③ Helping learners realize the inseparability of language and culture by various practices in class and thus enhances their English.
总体而言，在语言课程中教授文化知识至少有以下三个目的：
①有助于学生了解文化差异；
②有助于语言学习者跳出自身文化的圈子，从目标文化的角度考虑问题；
③有助于通过各种课堂练习，强调对语言与文化不可分离性的理解，促进外语学习。
Ⅱ. Language and Society (语言与社会)
1 Sociolinguistics (社会语言学)
Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society. In sociolinguistics we are interested in how social factors influence the structure and use of language. It is the field that studies the relationships between language and society, between uses of language and the social structures in which the language users live.
【考点：区分“研究社会的社会语言学”与“研究语言的社会语言学”】
社会语言学是研究语言与社会关系的学科，研究社会因素是如何影响语言的结构和使用。社会语言学是研究语言与社会关系的领域，研究语言的使用与语言使用者所处的社会结构的关系。
2 Language varieties (语言变体)
Language changes along social development. It also changes from region to region, from one social group to another, and from individual to individual. The products of such changes are the varieties of languages. Every language has more than one variety, especially in the way in which it is spoken. Therefore, language varieties are related to region, social class, educational background, and the degree of formality of a situation to which language is applied. Such varieties of language include standard language, dialects, registers, pidgins, creoles, and so on.
语言随着社会的变化而变化。地域、社会群体和个人之间的差异也能产生语言的变化。这些变化的结果就是语言的变体。每种语言都不止有一种变体，特别是在口语中。因此，语言变体是与地域、社会阶层、教育背景和被使用语言所处环境的正式程度是密切相关的。这些语言的变体包括标准语言、方言、语域、皮钦语、克里奥尔语等。
(1) Standard Language (标准语言)
Standard language is the variety of a language which has the highest status in a community or nation and it is usually based on the speech and writing of educated native speakers of the language.
标准语言是指在群体或者国家拥有很高地位的语言变体。它也是当地受过教育的人口语和书面语的语言基础。
(2) Dialects (方言)
A recognizable variety of a language used in a specific region or by a specific social class is called a dialect. A dialect is not necessarily less complete, less logical, less language than a standard language. It is a variation of language different enough to be classified into a separate entity, but not different enough to be classed as a separate language. Sometimes a dialect rises in status and becomes the standard variety of a country. The study of dialects is called dialectology. Dialects can be categorized into following types:
①regional/geographical dialects: varieties of a language spoken in a geographical area.
②temporal dialects: varieties of a language used at particular stages in its historical development.
③social dialects or sociolects: varieties of a language used by people belonging to particular social classes.
④idiolects: varieties of a language used by individual speakers, with peculiarities of pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary.
方言是指在一个特定的区域或一个特定的社会阶层内所使用的能够识别的语言变体。方言不一定不如标准语言完整、逻辑和更具语言特征。它是语言的一个变体，由于其不同之处能够划分为一个单独的实体，但是还不足以划分成为一门语言。有时候方言的地位也会得到提升成为一个国家的标准语言。对方言的研究称作方言学，方言学可以细分为以下几类：
①地域方言：在一个地域范围内的语言变体。
②时间方言：在历史发展的特定阶段的语言变体。
③社会方言：特定社会阶层所使用的语言变体。
④个人方言：单个的说话人所用的语言变体，往往带有独特的发音、语法和词汇。
(3) Registers (语域)
It is a speech variety used by a particular group of people, usually sharing the same occupation (e.g. doctors, lawyers) or the same interests. A particular register often distinguishes itself from others by having a number of distinctive words, by using words or phrases in a particular way, and sometimes by special grammatical constructions (e.g. legal language).
【考点：Register与Dialect的区别】
语域是特殊人群使用的言语变体，通常指具有相同职业或具有同样爱好的人。某一语域通常具有自己一些独特的词汇或使用词或短语的特殊方式，而使其与其他语域区分开来，有时也使用特殊的语法结构，比如法律语言。
(4) Pidgins and Creoles皮钦语和克里奥尔语
A pidgin refers to a variety of a language that is not native language of anyone, but is learned on contact situations such as trading. When a pidgin develops beyond its role as a trade language and becomes the first language of a social community, it becomes a creole. The process by which a pidgin becomes a creole is called creolization.
【考点：名词解释&辨析—Pidgin和Creole的区别】
皮钦语不是任何人的母语，是在交往联系的情况下(例如交易)学习的语言变体。当皮钦语得到发展不再是作为交易的语言而成为一个社会群体的第一语言时，它就成为克里奥尔语。由皮钦语转变成为克里奥尔语的过程就称作克里奥尔语化。
3 Choosing a Code (选择语码)
(1) Diglossia
When two languages or language varieties exist together in a community and each one is used for different purposes, this is called diglossia. Usually, the more standard variety can be called the high variety or H-variety, which is used in government, the media, education, and for religious services. The other one is usually a non-prestige variety, the low variety or L-variety used in the family, with friends, when shopping, etc.
(2) Bilingualism and multilingualism
Bilingualism is a situation where two languages are used by an individual or by a group of speakers, such as the inhabitants of a particular region or a nation. Multilingualism refers to a situation where three or more languages are used by an individual or by a group of speakers such as the inhabitants of a particular region or nation.
【考点：名词解释&辨析—Diglossia和Bilingualism的区别】
(3) Code-switching
Code-switching refers to a change made by a speaker or writer from one language or language variety to another one. There are two major kinds of code-switching, that is situational code-switching and metaphorical code-switching. The former occurs when the language used changes according to the situation in which the participants find themselves; they speak one language in one situation and another in a different one. When a change in topic requires a change in the language used, this is called metaphorical code-switching.
(1) 双言现象
当两种语言或语言变体同时存在于一个社区，并且每一种语言都有不同的使用目的时，这种现象就叫做双言现象。通常情况下，更标准的语言变体被称作高标准语言，用于政府、新闻媒介、教育和宗教活动。另一种一般是无声望的语言，称低标准语言，用于家里、朋友之间、购物时等。
(2) 双语和多语
双语指的是个人或群体使用两种语言的情况，例如特定地区或国家的居民。多语则是指个人或群体使用至少两种语言的情况。
(3) 语码转换
语码转换是指说话者或写作者从一种语言或语言变体转用另一种语言或语言变体的现象。语码转换又可以分为情景语码转换和隐喻语码转换。情景语码转换发生在所使用的语言随着参与者对他们自身认识的境况发生改变，他们在不同情境下使用不同的语言。当话题的转变要求语言也随之变化时就叫做隐喻语码转换。
4 Linguistic Taboos and Euphemisms (禁忌语和委婉语)
Taboo is a term that is avoided for religious, political, or sexual reasons and is usually replaced by a euphemism, e.g. rest room or bathroom for toilet.
Euphemism refers to the use of a word which is thought to be less offensive or unpleasant than another word.
禁忌语是由于宗教、政治或性别原因而避免使用的词汇，通常被委婉语所代替，例如用rest room或bathroom来代替toilet。
委婉语是用一词代替比较唐突的令人不快的另一词的表达方法。
Ⅲ. Cross-cultural Communication (跨文化交流)
【考点：分析短文中表现了跨文化交流的哪种特点】
Successful communication in a cross-cultural setting brings about more wealth, peace, and opportunity, however a failure in this respect likely entices more prejudice, conflict, and hostility. Some suggestive principles are provided below as basic guidelines to this difficult work.
在跨文化交际中，交际的成功带来财富、和平和发展机会；交际的失败导致偏见、冲突、敌对局面。以下是几点建设性意见用于解决跨文化交际中的难题：
1 When in Rome do as the Romans do. 入乡随俗。
Linguistic forms are different from one language to another. Semantic selections vary across separate language systems. Something you can conveniently say in a language may not be so in another language. This difference makes cross-cultural communication not an easy job to deal with.
不同语言，表达不同；不同的语言系统，语义选择也不尽相同。在一种语言中可以随意言说某物，在另一种语言中不一定能找到相对应的事物。也正是这一点使得跨文化交流成为一项并不简单的工作。
2 Put yourself in other’s shoes. 换位思考。
Successful communication in a cross-cultural setting depends much on a sensible interpretation and prediction of what the other party will think, feel, and behave when some crucial things occur.
面对重要事件与重大抉择，成功的跨文化交际，很大程度上取决于能否正确把握对方此时此刻的想法、充分理解对方此时此刻的感受、准确预见对方将要采用的行动。
3 One culture’s meat is another culture’s poison. 萝卜青菜各有所爱。
Proverbs epitomize the essence of culture and the value system of society. A cross-linguistic survey of proverbial expressions will capture another point of interest.
谚语是集语言、文化、社会之大成。跨文化语境中的谚语研究有助于了解不同的价值观念。
4 Honesty and sincerity are key points to mutual understanding. 诚实和真诚是互相理解的关键。
Rich communicative knowledge, high cultural consciousness, and good linguistic performance are necessary prerequisites for becoming a good cross-cultural communicator. Honesty and sincerity are the bridge which will help you transcend cultural barriers and become a good communicator in cross-cultural communication.
丰富的交流经验、充分的文化知识、良好的语言水平是保证跨文化交际的前提条件。更为重要的是，在跨文化语境中，态度决定一切，真诚相待，是跨越文化鸿沟，通往理解彼岸的桥梁和纽带。
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